![]() ![]() Availability heuristicĪnother common bias is the tendency to give greater credence to ideas that come to mind easily. Attentional bias can present particular challenges to people with anxiety disorders, because they may fix more of their attention on stimuli that seem threatening, and ignore information that might calm their fears. Practical examples: Ever notice how you see food everywhere when you’re hungry or baby product ads everywhere when you’re trying to conceive? An attentional bias might make it seem that you’re surrounded by more than the usual stimuli, but you’re probably not. This highly-tuned survival skill can become a bias if you begin to focus your attention too much on one kind of information, while you disregard other kinds of information. ![]() Of the millions of bits of information that bombard the senses daily, people have to spot the ones that might be important for their health, happiness, and safety. To survive, animals have to evade or avoid threats. Attentional biasĪttentional biases probably evolved in human beings as a survival mechanism. Their first impressions heavily influenced their ability to infer emotions in others. People who read more negative background information tended to infer more negative feelings, and people who read positive background information tended to infer more positive feelings. Then they asked them to describe how they thought the people in the photos were feeling. In one study, for example, researchers gave two groups of study participants some written background information about a person in a photograph. In other words, what you learn early in an investigation often has a greater impact on your judgment than information you learn later. Anchoring biasĪnchoring bias is the tendency to rely heavily on the first information you learn when you are evaluating something. Those who saw the wreck from the driver’s perspective (the actor) attributed much less riskiness to the move than the group who had the trailing motorist’s (observer’s) perspective. One group saw the event from the perspective of the swerving driver, and the other group witnessed the near-wreck from the perspective of the other driver. In one 2007 study, researchers showed two groups of people a simulation of a car swerving in front of a truck, almost causing an accident. By contrast, people usually attribute their own actions to external factors like the circumstances they were in at the time. People tend to say that another person did something because of their character or some other internal factor. Here’s a brief summary of some of the most common biases that can affect your everyday life: Actor-observer biasĪctor-observer bias is a difference between how we explain other people’s actions and how we explain our own. Researchers have catalogued over 175 cognitive biases. What are the most common types of cognitive bias? ![]()
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